60 Years of Independence - Indias Achievements - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1549 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category History Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Independence Essay Population Essay Did you like this example? 60 years of Independence Indias achievements Contemporary India with a scientist President and an economist Prime Minister is very successfully treading the fast track of development Starting from an utterly ruined and exploited country under the rule of the haughty Britishers who sponged away the India wealth, the story of Indias success in the last 60 years, is one of the proverbial rise from rags to riches. Indias development within a short span of time, to the level of a country which on its own conducted nuclear test, joining the elite club of nuclear powers, and now becoming a rightful contender for getting a permanent seat in UN Security Council, speaks volumes about Indias success. Statistics and facts bear a testimony to this, that the country once thought to be just a place for the snake charmers is making its presence felt in the land of elephants. In fact, India is flourishing in the real sense, catching the imagination of the world and thus causing blinkin g of the eyes of westerners who are awestruck at the sudden metamorphosis of this sleeping giant. When Kanwal Sibal, a retired foreign secretary says, there is little doubt that India became a major player in the international checker board. It forced the world to engage with India on an entirely new basis, there is no exaggeration in it. The truth of this statement is vindicated by the Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Juan Yew, who says, China and India will shake the world†¦, and in terms of global corporate presence and representation, India is ahead of China. India has arrived on the world market with a bang five lakh engineers, 2. 5 lakh doctors and 75 lakh graduates. Goldman Sachs BRIC report sees India as the third largest economy in the world by 2050. Another report says that by 2020 only, India will be the fourth largest economy. All is going well for India now an improved investment climate, high economic growth, a young population (70% population below 34 yea rs of age) and above all positive attitude of people. India is now among one of the best performing economies of the world in terms of annual growth rate of Grass Domestic Product. Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman Aditya Birla Group says, we have emerged stronger, fitter and a leader in many ways. I believe we are at an inflection point, past consolidation into a phase of growth not just incremental but accelerated. The fact that our foreign exchange reserve crossed 1 $ billion, reflects the growing confidence of investors in India. The companies of India netted over Rs. 70000 crore in exports when the global economy was seething in 2002-03. There are 16 companies whose exports net over Rs. 1000 crore, 15 companies exports goods worth Rs. 500 crore and 150 compnaies which earn over Rs. 100 crore in foreign exchange. The FORBES list has included 18 Indian companies under its list. Noting these positive developments, the US National Intelligence Council in its report has predi cted that India will become global player in the 21st century. For the first time India has entered the ranks of the worlds tenth largest economies. The World Bank has described India as an Asian Giant and its report mentions This country rose form 12th to 10th in dollar term between 2002-04, its G. D. P. overtaking Korea and Mexico. The economy of India has grown by more than 7% in the past two years. Apart from economic advancement, the performance of India in political sphere is also praiseworthy. The present Prime Minister of India Mr. Manmohan Singh has successfully come from two foreign trips. In France the Prime Minister very competently leveraged Indias new economic clout into advancing the vital strategic objective of breaking the restrictive Nuclear Suppliers Groups. In US, he very intelligently coaxed President Bush to work for giving legal status to India in the nuclear powers club, in return of giving, voluntary right of inspection of only the civilian nuclear facili ties to the international atomic watchdog I. A. E. A. Those who allege India to have become a party to the US unilateralism in view of Indias voting in Irans case, alongside U. S. , must remember that India remained on its principle and didnt join US on its war against Iraq inspite of enormous US pressure. It out-rightly rejected this proposal. This bears ample proof that India has its independent foreign policy. It has matured politically and has now become very realistic in its approach. It takes decision according to whichever way suits best for the national interest. Now there is no place for misplaced idealism or shibboleth of third worldism. Showing utmost political maturity, India shoved aside decades of sloth and signed major agreement with China a country earlier thought of as a backstabber and talk with it was a big no. Our country has now refused to be trapped hopelessly in the remains of a bad yesterday, proving once again that this is a nation hardened by history, that it suffers only to renew itself the other day and that it keeps pace with the changing needs so as to be in consonance with the ever changing time. Talks with Pakistan, restoration of the Muzaffarabad bus service, the historic exchange of prisoners etc are the cases in point. Another important factor which radiates the flourishing of India is its successful and smooth functioning of democracy. Right from its start, it allowed Universal Adult Franchise, a unique achievement in itself. Many scholars at that time predicted that a country as poor, illiterate and diverse as India, could not survive on Universal Adult Franchise but succeeding years proved then wrong. These days the general election in India is the largest organized human event in history so much so that Indian Election experts are invited by America. Inspite of being not very affluent, the wisdom of Indian electorate has been proven time and again. The Economist of London has very rightly made an apt comment rega rding Indian electorate that, the Indians have more political wisdom per thousand calories than any other people. Prof Lani Gunier of Havard Law school says, The best barometer to measure the health of a society is to look at the condition of its minorities who are like the coal minors canary†¦, the first to notice toxic gases in coal mines. Seeing with this perspective also, Indians electroates performance is quite good. They discarded the NDA under whose aegis Gujrat cauldron of 2002 took place, not with landing the hooplah of India shining. Communal forces have been out-rightly discarded and secularism is on its hold. At present the sovereign head of India is a Muslim and the Prime Minister is a Sikh both from minority community. Social conditions are also developing fastly. The number of middle class enjoying a good standard of living is growing at a rapid pace. The hope for an egalitarian society is fulfilling its dream as today we have 13% scheduled caste grade I offi cers in the I. A. S. climbing from less than 1% in the early 50s. The Indian diaspora with their commitment and hardwork are also making India proud. The per capita availability of grain and cloth is greater than before and health care is better. Now even foreigners are coming to India for cheaper medical treatment. Today India is for more integrated than it was at 1947. Problems do occur but have resulted in stronger identities and a larger Indian consciousness. Nativism is now giving place to Indianism. Disasters and calamities do not dumbstruck us. We have defiantly faced the havocs of nature like the Earthquake or Tsunami on national level. The whole country unites as a family in giving succour and solace to the victims. In the field of education also, India is progressing. The literacy rate in 2001 reached 64. 8% from 52. 21% in 1991. This increase of 12. 5% during this period is the highest increase in any decade. It is also an achievement that the rate of growth in lite racy is more in rural areas than in urban areas. The gap in male female literacy rate has decreased from 24. 84% in 1991 to 21. 60 in 2001. In higher studies the IITs AIIMS and IIMs of India could compete with the best institutions of the world. Recently Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the IITs as 3rd in all Technological Universities of the world. Seeing the enormous talent of Indian students the European Union has announced 100 Erasmus Mundus Scholarship for Indians students which was previously offered to European students only. In scientific, technological and bio medical research India has made a mark. The launching of EDUSAT a satellite purely for educational purposes marks a great lead forward in the area of satellite education. Space technology has also got a boost. Culturally India is witnessing a great renaissance. Indian music, dance and various performing art have blossomed in the last 50 years. Now these have greater audience and their appeal is becoming universal. Language of India has seen resurgence. Indian writing in English, like that of Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa Lahiri etc has been acclaimed in the English speaking world. In the field of sports and entertainment also India is shining. Sania Mirza, Lender Paes, Sachin Tendulkar, Vishwanath Anand and Shekhar Kapoor, Amitabh Bacchan, Aishwarya Rai, Shah Rukh Khan are the bright Indian faces in the world arena. All the above mentioned points emphatically proves that Indias achievement in the last 60 years has been commendable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "60 Years of Independence Indias Achievements" essay for you Create order

Business Communications - 2007 Words

|Assignment brief –BTEC (QCF) | |Assignment front sheet | |Qualification |Unit number and title | |BTEC National Business |Unit 4 Business Communications. | |Learner name | Assessor name†¦show more content†¦| | | | |Produce corporate communications. |3 | | |P3 | | | | |P4 |Evaluate the external corporate communications of an existing product or service. |4 | | |P5, M2 |Explain the legal and ethical issues in relation to the use |5 | | | |of business information. | | | | |Analyse the legal, ethical and operational issues | | | | |in relation to the use of business information, using | | | | |appropriate examples. | | | |Show MoreRelatedBusiness Communication4956 Words   |  20 PagesOverview Business communication (or simply communications, in a business context) encompasses such topics as marketing, brand management, customer relations, consumer behavior, advertising, public relations, corporate communication, community engagement, reputation management, interpersonal communication, employee engagement, and event management. It is closely related to the fields of professional communication and technical communication. According to Excellence in Business Communication Tenth editionRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Business Communication Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness communication Task 1 Types Business example Purpose Source Verbal- A spoken method of communication usually face to face e.g. a meeting with staff. Tesco staff meeting to organise a fundraiser for a nearby charity raising money for Cancer research. The purpose of this would be to invite support for activities e.g. Bag packing campaign or family fun day. Internal: Administration/marketing departments discuss how they will raise money for the charity. External: Local council. 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The mode of communication determines the content of information channelled, and where the managers feel that the information is urgent; they will opt for the right means of communicating. According to the case study in consideration, effective communication leads to positive outcomes from the employees work. It boosts the loyalty displayedRead MoreThe Barriers Of Business Communica tion1268 Words   |  6 PagesBefore I will discuss how to overcome the barriers in business communication I will introduce the different barriers in global business communication; 1) Physical barriers these are inadequate equipment such as out dated computer, phones with poor signal, background noise, poor lightning, temperature that is too high or too cold, tangible item that can interfere with communication. 2) Attitudes sometimes strong emotion like anger, sadness or happiness can take your objectivity. Also being nervousRead MoreEffective Business Communication4674 Words   |  19 PagesResearch Study on Effective Business Communication At American Express Financial Centre TABLE OF TABLE Table 1: Recruitment Methods 13 Table 2: Forms of written communication 15 Table 3: Formal Meetings 15 Table 4: External Communications 16 Table 5: Informal channels of communication 21 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 PROBLEM OF STUDY 7 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 7 KEY TERMS 8 BRIEF OUTLINERead MoreBusiness Communication M11862 Words   |  8 PagesM1 Business Communication INTRODUCTION In P1 I talked about types of communications used by Asda and these are Verbal, written, on- screen. In this task I am going to show you the advantages and disadvantages of each type of communication referring it to my chosen company and that is Asda. ADVANTAGES OF VERBAL/ORAL Oral communication or speech is often the preferred medium to exchange information in in informal situations since it provides a number of immediate benefits when attempting to pitchRead MoreCommunication Is The Most Effective Form Of Business Communication949 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment communication is major factor. There are two forms of communication: oral communication and written communication. Oral Communication is the process of verbally transmitting to give and exchange information to another person (or people). Oral communication can be formal or informal. Formal types of oral communication are business lectures, presentations at business meetings, commencement speeches. Informal types of oral communication are discussions that take place in a business meeting,

Knapp free essay sample

A review consists of an auditor performing analytical procedures and inquiries to provide a reasonable basis for obtaining limited assurance. In a review, the auditor does not give an opinion on the financial statements. He/she merely looks over the statements for any material misstatements or modifications that need to be made. Contrarily, in terms of the level of assurance, during an audit an auditor obtains a high level of assurance, expresses an opinion on accuracy and level of assurance, and tests for misstatements and the client’s internal controls. 2. The occurrence assertion is very important, especially in this case, to ensure that the financial statements of a company faithfully represent actual transactions, assets, and liabilities of the company. There were certain limitations of the evidence gathered by the procedures performed in the ZZZZ Best case with regard to the assertion of occurrence: a. Confirmations- The information obtained through George Greenspan’s confirmation seems invaluable to me based on the fact that the confirmation was only sent to Tom Padgett, especially since Tom Padgett was paid by Minkow to confirm contracts. Even though there was no way for Mr. Greenspan to know that Mr. Padgett was being paid off, I believe that he should have found more valuable information through his confirmations by sending them out to more than one person involved in the company. b. Analytical Procedures- According to the case, the analytical procedures Mr. Greenspan performed included: comparing ZZZZ Best’s key financial ratios with industry norms and inspecting key documents pertaining to the jobs contracted. Assuming that these are the only two procedures performed prior to audit planning, I do not think that there were enough analytical procedures performed to identify potential problem areas. There are five steps to be performed when completing analytical procedures: 1. Develop an expectation, 2. Define a significant difference, 3. Compare expectations with recorded amounts, 4. Investigate significant differences, and 5. Document steps. It appears that Mr. Greenspan did not complete all of the necessary procedures and should further his analytical inquiries on ZZZZ Best. A red flag that I noticed, and could have been investigated with appropriate analytical procedures, was the sudden jump in revenues. Under the develop an expectation step in analytical procedures, the auditors/engagement partner could have compared current year account balances to previous year balances (vertical and horizontal analysis) and noticed the rapid increase of revenue from 1984-1987, which would raise questions that might have lead to the discovery of the fraud earlier on. c. Visitation of Restoration Sites- It is hard to elaborate on the limitations of the physical visit to the restoration sites due to the fact that everyone who the auditors made contact with were paid off and part of Minkow’s scheme, and they had no way of knowing. However, I think, like Congressman Lent drew attention to, the auditors could have gathered and investigated the site for permits and questioned workers they came in contact with about what happened to the site for it to need repairs from damage. The auditors may have gotten different answers from different workers, raising a red flag. It also would have been beneficial to make a surprise visit instead of calling ahead. 3. The client receiving payments does not prove the existence of contracts. It may have appeared that ZZZZ Best received payments from customers on paper, but Mr. Greenspan probably should have more thoroughly followed up on those transactions by calling a â€Å"customer† to verify the transaction or looked at bank statements to see where different deposits came from. It seems especially important to pay close attention to receivables considering that there is a high risk associated with a receivables’ existence/occurrence. Seeing as how Minkow devised schemes with third parties, it would not be surprising if someone like Tom Padgett was also posing as a customer (another reason looking at deposits and account numbers would be beneficial). 4. The purpose of predecessor-successor audit communications is to reduce the risk of accepting a client with problems, and to determine whether or not to accept a potential client. The prospective/successor auditor is responsible for initiating contact with the predecessor auditor, as long as the audit client grants its approval to communications. The information that should be obtained from the predecessor auditor includes: information on management’s integrity, disagreements with management on accounting principles, fraud/illegal acts by the client, significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in internal controls, and reasons for the change in auditors (AU Section 315). 5. Yes, the confidentiality agreement that Minkow required Ernst Whinney to sign improperly limited the scope of the ZZZZ Best audit. The stipulation of the confidentiality agreement that stated â€Å"We will not make any follow-up telephone calls to any contractors, insurance companies, the building owner, or other individuals involved in the restoration contract† definitely restricts the auditors from performing certain procedures that are necessary. According to AS 5, â€Å"If there are restrictions on the scope of an engagement, the auditor should withdraw from the engagement or issue a disclaimer of opinion†. Auditors are responsible for gathering enough evidence to support an opinion on the financial statements, and Ernst Whinney should have used their professional judgment to notice that, with the stipulations in the agreement signed, there would not be enough evidence to satisfy the matter of sufficiency. 6. No procedures are required when reviewing a client’s pre-audit but post-year-end earnings press release.

Mozart vs. Beethoven free essay sample

Serious music changed into comic operas, or popular folk tunes, and dance music. This was a good thing it shaped dance and music forever. Mozart and Beethoven were both master composers in the 18th century classical music era. Classical music emphasized the different moods of music throughout one song, as it fluctuated with the composers emotions. There Is a large variety of rhythmic patterns, that created the composers thoughts. Classical music has a lot more homophobic texture. The melodies were balanced, symmetrical, and a whole lot easier to remember.Beethoven and Mozart are the two most important musicians of their time. Their pieces are everlasting and will live on forever. Their styles are so unique and uplifting that they could never be matched. They were truly masterminds as they played in the same time period but their lives were tremendously deferent. There are some similarities and many differences between the two of them but one fact will always remain: They are the central and most vital part of all music. We will write a custom essay sample on Mozart vs. Beethoven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the most important musical innovators we have ever seen in our lifetime. His style of music helped re-shape music, the way it was played, and the Classical period. Mozart was born in Salisbury, Austria in 1756. Mozart was a child prodigy, claiming most of his success in his youth. At the age of six, Mozart could play the harpsichord and violin very well. At this time he was able to improvise fugues, write minuets, and read music perfectly. At the age of eight, he wrote a symphony and at eleven, he wrote an oratorio. Then, at the age of twelve he wrote a great opera. Mozart father was Leopold Mozart, who happened to be a court musician.Both Mozart and Beethoven had help from their fathers in many different ways. Mozart father helped him travel around as a young musician and he traveled many places and he seen many well-known people and aristocrats. Because of Mozart early successes many challenges had become part of his life. He had very high expectations from the community and from his father. Unlike, Beethoven, Mozart was spoiled as a youth and because of this he refused to be treated as a servant. He completely relied on his fathers help and refused to work with the archbishop. This would become a problem later when Mozart did not develop enough initiative. Because of that he could not make decisions on his own. Then at age 25, Mozart broke free from Salisbury and became a great freelance musician In Vienna. This Is where Mozart found and started some of his success. Mozart earned Don Giovanni and then The marriage of Figaro and these were great pieces for his time. Eventually, Mozart popularity disappeared and his music was found to be very complicated and hard to follow. Mozart music was very versatile and his masterpieces had been in many forms. His piano concertos were and still are very important and very popular pieces. Mozart was also a master of the opera. As he rote many popular operas in his time. During his last year, he was much more successful. He wrote an opera and a Requiem, which he never did finish. Mozart great passion in his work can be herd and felt in various works and in his style. It is of the utmost perfection and can not be replicated. Mozart died in 1791, in Vienna at the age of Just 35. Ludwig Van Beethoven came in the later part of the Classical Period and helped bridge this period into the Romantic era.Beethoven is considered by many one of the greatest musicians to ever play and was a mere genius. His influence in music is still noticed and recognizes today and will continue to be herd, felt and recognized throughout time. Beethovens pieces being as dramatic and profound as they are will never be lost as time goes on. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany in 1770. He was born into a family of musicians. Beethoven was not the Child star that Mozart was but he did accomplish many things as a youth. Beethoven played for Mozart at age sixteen. Mozart said, Keep your eyes on him; some day he Nil give the world something to talk about. When Beethoven was twenty-two he ecocide to leave Germany and go to Vienna, to study with Joseph Haydn. Beethoven had a very rough upbringing, because his father was an alcoholic and was a very abusive person. Many of Beethovens works are and were based on the horrendous experiences he had growing up. Beethoven had two brothers, they were both punier than him. Beethovens father died when he was young, which forced him to take care of his family. Beethoven was self-educated, very vain and a very self- absorbed man. He had very high expectations for himself and was often said to have very rude and disastrous behavior.Beethoven refused to be a servant or treated like one and refused to be told what to do, claiming that he should be treated as an artist and that he deserved more respect than the average person. Beethoven was struck with what was his greatest downfall; becoming deaf. This occurred in 1802 Nee doctors learned that he was becoming deaf and there was nothing that they could do to stop it. This impairment reshaped his music completely. This led the Nay to a very tense and exciting side of his pieces that no one ever seen. Beethovens music differs with Mozart and is more intense and had a greater range of pitch and dynamics.

Safety Culture in Aviation

Introduction Safety in the aviation industry is of utmost importance. Mistakes arising from human error or technical problems can lead to loss of lives. Aviation is a high-risk sector that needs stringent measures to improve safety and prevent accidents.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Safety Culture in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, safety culture is important for aviation maintenance organizations, as it promotes their public image, which often translates into commercial success. Aircraft manufacturers and aircraft maintenance firms implement aviation safety regulations to minimize technical and human errors that lead to accidents. They adopt new technologies and enhance risk awareness among the crewmembers in a bid to enhance the safety of air travel. In practice, aviation safety relies on a number of factors, including technology, organizational culture, and regulations. Aviation crash probes reveal that combination of human and technical factors causes aviation accidents. Some of these errors can be traced to organizational and management practices that define a firm’s corporate culture (Kingma, 2008). In the aviation sector, the approach that an organization uses to address safety issues determines its corporate culture. However, the relationship between organizational culture and safety is an under-researched area. This paper reviews published studies that address the problem of safety within airline transport and maintenance companies. The aim is to identify gaps in research and propose the focus areas of a future study.Advertising Looking for article on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problematisation of Safety Culture Safety culture is often a problem during the initial stages of a firm’s growth. New companies, especially those that involve mergers, have a problem creating a sustainable safety culture due to weak change management structures. Thus, when the ‘old’ structures do not support strong quality assurance (QA) practices or improve aircraft production and maintenance issues, the development of safety culture is hindered. Furthermore, mergers shift focus to the pursuit of commercial interests, which create tension between QA and the management, and affect safety culture within the organization (Kingma, 2008). The tension results in the emergence of different in values and norms within an organization. While commercial interests may influence the management, the QA group emphasizes on strict adherence to safety regulations. For instance, QA may want production or safety to be done based on industry checklists without consideration of customer demands or pressure while the management may prefer flexibility to speed up production and meet commercial interests. The difference in focus may affect operations within the organization. In s um, the conflicting positions taken by different company departments, especially the QA and the management, affect the values and norms within the organization. The divergent values make safety culture a problem in aviation organizations. Moreover, since the management exercises the ultimate control over the other departments, QA may be forced to change its stance on aviation.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Safety Culture in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, values and norms may be eroded when commercial interests and external pressure override safety values and norms within an organization. Moreover, even though an organization may have a strong safety culture, external pressure coupled with commercial interests can affect these norms. Literature Review Aviation safety culture dominates many debates about air travel. Safety culture describes an organization’s position on aviation safety issues as indicated by the measures implemented to reduce technical and human errors. McDonald, Corrigan, Daly, and Cromie (2000) define safety culture as â€Å"the shared and learned meanings, experiences, and interpretations of safety, which characterize people’s attitudes towards risk, accidents, and prevention† (p. 154). This means that safety culture encompasses the practices that an organization implements to minimize danger to its clients and employees. On his part, Reason (1998) defines safety culture in an organization as the corporate system that shields an organization against unsafe incidents. Thus, safety culture, in an organizational context, is a component of corporate culture. The studies that examine organizational culture in the airline industry give various perspectives on safety. Glendon and Stanton (2000) view safety culture as a distinct, independent element in an organization’s corporate culture. The researchers argue that culture is an en tity found in firms that determines organizational outcomes. In comparison, Cooper (2000) views culture as a product of managerial decisions regarding safety. Thus, the development of safety culture in firms depends on organizational factors and managerial commitment.Advertising Looking for article on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In view of this, Kingma (2008) regards firms as centres of cultural development that are influenced by social and economic factors. This perspective implies that, in aviation context, organizational outcomes, such as airline accidents/incidents and safety regulations, depend on organizational culture. In this regard, aircraft maintenance services, including technical inspection and repairs that promote safety, are determined by an organization’s culture. Other studies examine safety culture as an evolving concept. Richter and Koch (2004) state that culture in organizations is determined by the nature of a firm’s operations, the behaviour considered satisfactory, the norms practiced by employees, and the integration and adaptation approaches within an organization. They further identify various factors that define corporate culture. Artefacts such as posters, buildings, and dà ©cor tell a lot about an organization’s culture. In addition, the values and norms of a firm as spelt out in its mission, goals and strategies identify its culture. The employees’ values and behaviours also shape an organization’s culture. The authors hold the view that cultural meanings in an organization are integrative. Using the author’s perspective (integrative view), one can analyze the safety culture in airline companies. According to Gherardi, Nicolini, and Odella (1998), culture, especially safety culture, comprises of distinct constructs. The authors note that several internal forces, such as leadership styles, management skills and knowledge, and workforce diversity, among others, have a significant effect on organizational culture. In view of this, culture is fragmented into distinct sub-cultures each with a different set of norms and values. Thus, organizational culture is a combination of sub-cultures within an organization. On their part, Farrington-Darby, Pickup, and Wilson (2005) characterize safety culture as a combination of in ternally created sub-cultures in firms. They establish that safety culture is a constantly changing entity with far-reaching implications on organizational outcomes. Thus, the norms and values in each department create sub-cultures, which combine to form the corporate culture within an organization. Common Assumptions in Aviation Safety Four assumptions emerge from the review of literature. The first assumption relates to safety culture as a social construct. It is often assumed that culture is purely a social construct, whereby human factors, including managerial actions and employee values, shape an organization’s corporate culture. However, culture, especially safety culture, in the aviation industry, is a product of sub-cultures created within the organization. The relations among technological factors and human (management and employee) define an organization’s culture and by extension, its safety culture. Thus, an integrative approach would ensure that all differ ent offices in an aircraft maintenance organization collaborate in creating a sustainable safety culture. Another common assumption is that competition within the aviation industry promotes safety culture. It is assumed that aviation companies adopt regulations that create safety culture because they want to gain a competitive edge in the market. It is thought that production pressures and commercial interests motivate airline companies to develop a safety culture built around regulatory policies. However, safety culture, in the production context, is a product of the integration of values and norms within the organization, which translates to commercial gains. Although the improvements in internal safety measures and QA developed out of the need to gain a competitive edge in the airline industry, culture emerged from the integration of values. Thus, self-regulation in aviation maintenance firms involves internal safety controls and procedures. These safety controls depend on a firm ’s market strategy and commercial interests. Perspectives Emerging From the Research Overall, three perspectives regarding safety culture emerge from this literature review. The first perspective perceives culture as a consolidated entity that identifies an airline company or organization. In contrast, the second perspective views culture as a ‘disconnected’ concept that consists of sub-cultures. The third viewpoint holds that culture is an evolving entity with clear meaning in organizations. Because of advancements in technology and skills, organizational culture is an ever-changing concept. It can be argued that, because of the difference in logic, these divergent viewpoints cannot co-exist within a single organization. Thus, each organization employs a different perspective in creating a sustainable safety culture in its operations. Most safety studies involve the integrative view (Richter Koch, 2004). Other studies portray safety culture in aviation as a fra gmented entity (McDonald et al., 2000; Cooper, 2000). Only a few studies describe safety culture as an evolving entity (Besco, 2004; Gherardi, Nicolini Odella, 1998). Safety culture is a social construct that depend on human and technical factors. Since society is constantly changing, safety culture should be conceived as a changing system that keeps pace with advancements in technology and skills. Thus, safety culture is a product of social-technical interaction. Safety culture can also be viewed as a multi-faceted concept that encompasses many sub-cultures. The third perspective views safety culture in terms of the cultural meaning instead of a distinct entity within an organization as held by the proponents of the integrative viewpoint. Similarly, workplace functions in the aviation sector can be viewed in the context of meaning as opposed to distinct sub-cultures. Thus, aircraft maintenance firms can enhance safety by focusing on the cultural ‘meanings’ or ideas ge nerated within the quality offices. Similarly, aircraft manufacturers can create a safety culture by managing the meanings created in the production process. This requires an integration of all sub-cultures within an organization to create a uniform safety culture. In contrast, a disparity in the values and norms applied in different departments affects the development of safety culture in organizations. For example, a company’s management may focus on promoting integration in the production department alone. This may lead to ‘fragmentation’ in the quality unit, which may compromise safety. Some studies also establish a link between safety culture and management action. McDonald et al., (2000) argue that management factors are the leading causes of airline accidents. Management actions such as hiring and promotion of loyal employees often affect service delivery and organizational performance. On the other hand, Besco (2004) notes that organizational policies tha t are not integrative lead to misplaced priorities and create ambiguity in the implementation of safety procedures. It may also result in a clash of goals and affect employees’ consciousness of an organization’s safety culture. Gaps in Research The studies reviewed give different perspectives about safety culture. More specifically, the studies examine safety culture from three perspectives: integration, fragmentation, and meaning created within an organization. Only a few of the studies focus on the evolving nature of safety in an organizational context. As aforementioned, safety culture is not static; it keeps on changing based on industry needs and developments in technology. In this regard, the writer would want to examine the evolving meaning of safety and its impact on organizational culture. The writer would particularly want to know how safety sub-cultures affect on organizational development in the aviation industry. Multiple case studies would help the writer identify the rate at which aviation organizations implement safety measures recommended by aviation regulators such as the EASA. The writer would also want to know the how employee training on aviation safety contributes to the development of safety culture in organizations. Previous studies attribute the development of safety culture to the production and the management departments of an organization. However, the differences in values and norms create distinct safety sub-cultures in these two departments. Thus, the writer would also to identify the effect of these sub-cultures in the organization. In this regard, safety culture, as it relates to either the production or management departments, needs further investigation. While safety culture in the production context involves strict adherence to safety standards, safety culture at the management level is largely driven by commercial interests (Besco, 2004). In line with this assertion, the writer will not only examine safety cul ture as a multi-faceted concept, but also as integrated construct. Thus, in as much as safety culture may be fragmented into distinct sub-cultures, it remains a unified entity at the organizational level. This means that the sub-cultures in the various departments of an organization, including production and management, combine to form the organizational safety culture. Technical safety measures implemented in the production unit and regulatory compliance (management) define an organization’s safety culture. The proposed study will fill in the gaps in research, as it will focus on safety as an evolving entity in a socio-technical system. To achieve this, the research will examine the human (employee) factors that hinder the creation of a sustainable safety culture in aircraft manufacture and maintenance organizations. In particular, communication channels within and between the different departments will be explored. The use of memos among employees communicate safety procedu res will indicate a strong safety culture. The other human factors that the study will examine include teamwork and employee fatigue and stress, as they affect the employees’ attitudes towards safety. Organizational factors such as safety norms, communication channels, and knowledge management also determine a company’s safety culture. Thus, the writer will use an ethnographic approach in examining how organizational and human factors create or hamper the development of safety norms and values. The problem of safety in aviation is often associated with either technical failure or human error. In particular, the writer will consider safety culture in organizations as a product of management practices. However, research on socio-technical aspects of culture will provide new insights into the sources of values and norms that underlie safety culture in organizations. Because technical advancements and safety regulations have a huge impact on the aviation industry, an organ ization’s safety culture will largely depend on how it has implemented the safety protocols disseminated by the EASA. This will need a convergence of the sub-cultures within the organization to establish self-regulation norms that will identify the organization. Discussion and Conclusion In this paper, the problematisation strategy has helped reveal assumptions underlying safety culture in aviation organisations. Through this strategy, issues, such as quality assurance, personnel training, organizational communication, and technology adoption, which are thought to affect the safety culture in aviation organizations separately, were found to have additive effects. In this regard, the identification of the assumptions underlying the development of safety culture made the writer to challenge the existing perspectives on organizational culture. Therefore, because of the probematisation process, safety culture can be redefined as an aggregation of several psychological mechanisms within an organization. In other words, safety culture goes beyond the implementation of safety regulations, quality standards, and advanced technologies. It encompasses socially constructed norms and values that appeal to a particular organizational context. Thus, based on the interrogation of the various perspectives and assumptions about safety, in an aviation context, safety culture is a four dimensional concept that includes procedural (safety regulations/standards), informational (technologies), social (interpersonal communication), and strategic (commercial interests) aspects. The critical review of literature enabled the writer to identify the opposing views regarding safety culture in organisations. In particular, the characterizations of the different sub-culture within an organisation allowed the writer to discover how workplace relations and shifts, such as managerial action, employee values, and leadership styles, create sub-cultures within an organisation. In addition, through the critical review of literature the writer was able to describe the major perspectives on organizational culture. The three major perspectives (integration, fragmentation, and meaning) have been described in literature. The literature review made two major contributions to the understanding of the safety culture problem. First, it provided mainstream theoretical frameworks used to study organisational culture and the interpersonal factors that influence procedures and outcomes. Second, through the critical literature review, gaps in research were identified, especially with regard to aviation safety culture. In sum, the literature review enabled the writer to identify and evaluate common assumptions and perspectives, develop a new perspective, and redefine safety culture in an aviation context. In this module, the writer has learnt new approaches of developing research projects. In particular, the writer now understands how to identify gaps in research through a critical review of literature. Gap spotting in the field of organizational culture helps refine or complete past studies. Since organizations are constantly evolving, a systematic review of previous studies helps identify assumptions in research that need further investigation. At the organizational level, the module also has helped the writer to understand how to problematise a workplace issue in order to adopt a different perspective or corroborate the existing ones. At a personal level, the module also has helped the writer to hone his critical interrogation skills in assessing various dimensions of organizational culture. He can now challenge assumptions in organisational culture and point out weaknesses in the literature. The ideas and practices presented under this module have helped the writer to hone his problem-solving skills. A critical evaluation of the operations in an organization can reveal the causes of a workplace-based problem. Moreover, a critical review of the literature a nd a systematic problematisation technique can generally help to deconstruct the organizational factors, limitations, or contradictions underlying a workplace problem. Problematisation opens up a discussion about the theoretical underpinnings of a common organisational problem. This strategy will help the writer investigate masked managerial problems that hamper strategy implementation. For instance, operational problems are often associated with improper managerial practices. However, a critical examination of a company’s operations will reveal that other factors, including external factors, contribute to the said operational problems. In this regard, alternative assumptions and perspectives that would help resolve the operational problems. In conclusion, the writer intends to adopt a multi-perspective approach in solving the problems associated with safety culture in aviation organisations. A critique of the existing literature/systems and problematisation will help the wri ter in deconstructing disputes that arise in organisational settings. Moreover, these strategies will help uncover the wider organizational structures that lead to disputes. The development of a sustainable safety culture in aviation organizations is of utmost importance. The writer intends to use these two techniques to evaluate how sub-cultures affect the development of safety culture in aviation institutions. These sub-cultures play a crucial role in shaping organisational life and thus, a critique of the traditional approaches used to develop a sustainable safety culture at organizational level can help understand the choices available to organisations. Thus, in his final CAL report, the writer intends to explore the specific sub-cultures that define safety in organisations. References Besco, R. (2004). Human performance breakdowns are rarely accidents: they are usually very poor choices with disastrous results. Journal of Hazardous  Materials, 115(4), 155–161. Cooper, M. (2000). Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science, 36(3), 111–136. Farrington-Darby, T., Pickup, L. Wilson, J. (2005). Safety culture in railway maintenance. Safety Science, 43(2), 671-677 Gherardi, S., Nicolini, D. Odella, F. (1998). What do you mean by safety? Conflicting perspectives on accident causation and safety management in a construction firm. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 6(5), 202–213. Glendon, A. Stanton, A. (2000). Perspectives on safety culture. Safety Science, 34(1), 193–214. Kingma, S. (2008). The risk paradigm, organizations and crisis management. Journal  of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(2), 164–170. McDonald, N., Corrigan, S., Daly, C. Cromie, S. (2000). Safety management systems and safety culture in aircraft maintenance organizations. Safety Science, 34(1), 151–176. Reason, J. (1998). Achieving a safe culture: theory and practice. Work and Stress,  12(2), 293–306. Richter, A. Koch, C. (2004). Integration, differentiation and ambiguity in safety cultures. Safety Science, 42(1), 703–722. This article on Safety Culture in Aviation was written and submitted by user Theo Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

90+ Metaphor Examples in Literature That You Need to Know

90+ Metaphor Examples in Literature That You Need to Know The Essential List of 90+ Metaphor Examples in Literature and Pop Culture What figure of speech is so meta that it forms the very basis of riddles? The answer: a metaphor.As Milan Kundera wrote in The Unbearable Lightness of Being: â€Å"Metaphors are dangerous. Metaphors are not to be trifled with.† Yet, paradoxically, they are an inescapable part of our daily lives - which is why it’s all the more important to understand exactly how they function.To help, this article has a list of 97 metaphor examples to show you what they look like in the wild. But if you have a moment to spare, let's learn a bit more about what a metaphor is. NINETY-SEVEN metaphor examples! Get your fix in this post! What is a metaphor?A metaphor is a literary device that imaginatively draws a comparison between two unlike things. It does this by stating that Thing A is Thing B. Through this method of equation, metaphors can help explain concepts and ideas by colorfully linking the unknown to the known; the abstract to the concrete; the incomprehensible to the comprehensible. It can also be a rhetorical device that specifically appeals to our sensibilities as readers.To give you a starting point, here are some examples of common metaphors:â€Å"Bill is an early bird.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Life is a highway.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Her eyes were diamonds.†Note that metaphors are always non-literal. As much as you might like to greet your significant other with a warhammer in hand (â€Å"love is a battlefield†) or bring 50 tanks of gasoline every time you go on a date (â€Å"love is a journey†), that’s not likely to happen in reality. Another spoiler alert: no, Katy Perry doesn't literally think that you're a firework. Rather, these are all instances of metaphors in action. Calvin Hobbes. Image: Bill WattersonDid we miss any of your favorite metaphors? Have more metaphor examples for us? Leave them in the (non-metaphorical) box below and we'll add them right in.

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Information Policy - Essay Example However, domain shutdowns and three strike rule have helped reduce cases of piracy. The problem is on peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing sites where privacy is a thorny issue. How can P2P sites be checked for copyright issues without violating privacy? Indeed, top level domains are critical infrastructure that facilitate access to government services. The shutdown of such sites can cripple countries and states. However, some large sites such as Google have a lot of users, more than even the populations of most countries. Do you believe that the shutdown of a site such as Google can cripple the internet? The issue of sites such as pirate bay’s continued existence is as a result of reluctance in the copyright enforcement agencies such as the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The ICE only redirects traffic from the site by changing the domain access of a site to a different site without the pirated material (DeNardis, 2015). This temporary shutdown contributes to the continued existence of sites such as Pirate Bay. The ICE should improve their information technology skills so that they can track the physical address of the servers used to carry out piracy. Additionally, the ICE should confiscate all servers and any materials used to carry out piracy, and arrest and prosecute the copyright violators. Although closing down domains and arresting individuals who download copyright materials will not completely stop piracy, it will helping reduce its occurrence. However, it needs improvement as indicated above. What are the better ways, from your perspective, which can reduce copyrights and trademarks violations, or do you believe that the war against piracy can never be